追逐珊瑚

Education is a key tool for development and progress of human society. With the rapid progress of our society, technologies and social systems have developed as well. Education, as the most important part of human development, should live up to the requirements of present development. To this end, the requirements of present development need to be first stated briefly. After a science and technology boost in the 20th century, increasing industrial activities resulted in serious environmental problems. To combat these problems, sustainable development was introduced, which is the requirement of present development. It should be noted that the concept of sustainable development is evolving incessantly. Today, not only the environment but also other issues such as poverty and equality are included in the concept of sustainable development [1]. Therefore, for equipping people with skills and thinking of sustainable development, the new and adjusted education for sustainable development, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) was proposed by UN and gain a lot of importance. United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) and Global Action Program on Education for Sustainable Development were carried out to accelerate the progress of ESD. In these two actions, the content of ESD was enriched with many detailed goals and feasible approaches. Under the guidance of the two actions, driven by intrinsic need of sustainability, many countries have developed their own framework of education for sustainable development. Different technologies and advanced concepts of education are applied to impart the knowledge of sustainable development to students and strengthen their skills, critical thinking and systemic thinking regarding sustainable development. With the work done by governments and UN, great progress has been made of ESD [2,3 4].

As narrated above, great work has been done with ESD, including complement of the content of education, specific goals and applying new technologies. However, one element dose not get enough attention and that is the motivation of people who receive the education for sustainable development. With motivation, people would set their goals and pursue their goals with strong impetus. From a perspective of educational psychology, generating learning motivation is indispensable and it has high priority in practical education [5]. With high internal motivation of educatees, remarkable outcomes of education could be attained. The creativity and cognitive flexibility of educatees would be greatly improved [6] and these two traits are exactly required by ESD.

Integrating documentary into ESD as a potential creative approach to make up for the deficiency mentioned above is proposed in this essay. One example of documentary and some other advantages of documentary for ESD are discussed. Extending from the documentary that includes engineers and scientists, the role of them and industry in documentary and ESD is also discussed.

Documentaries as a form of video could contain text, graphics, animation and sound, all of which are the elements of multimedia. Multimedia teaching has been proved to be a very effective way of teaching. It helps stimulate students' interest and make students more active in class [7]. Therefore, documentary as one method of multimedia teaching is also able to have the same advantages mentioned before. But further properties should be discussed. Documentaries are not the videos that are usually seen on the class using animation to expound complex theories, but it is also a form of art and commercial products to tell the truth. As commercial products, it has very large audience. Everyone can see it in the cinemas, which means everyone can be the educatees. Documentary tells audience what happens in the real world in an artistic way. Most documentaries would not try to exaggerate the facts to attract people. Instead, different art technics are used to help give more powerful expressions combining with esthetic shots and matched background music, documentary is able to impress audience profoundly. In this way, people are more likely to recognize the facts and reflect more after the documentary [8].

Because of the diversity of documentary, many issues can be displayed and discussed in documentaries. All types of issues relevant to sustainable development are covered in documentaries that have been produced. For example, these three very recent documentaries, “Ruth Bader Ginsburg”, “Chasing Coral” and “Of Fathers and Sons” respectively correspond to equality, environment and education. They provide unique and profound perspectives that audience would not expect, but they are all based on facts and do reveal the issues of sustainability that should get more public attention. More discussion of “Chasing Coral” as an example would be conducted to show some good characteristics which enable this documentary fit into ESD.

Chasing Coral as a documentary records the rapidly bleaching and dying coral due to the rising temperature of ocean, see figure 1. This figure shows rising temperature clearly. When it comes to global warming, much attention is paid to the melting glaciers and rising sea levels. It is a rare and potent angle of looking into global warming. Coral form colorful sea worlds. As the famous Great Barrier Reef , It is very beautiful. However, few people know that it is being killed by global warming. Disappearance of such beautiful thing and novel perspective are able to strongly impress people.

Figure 1. Sea surface temperature anomaly

Global warming is still having an impact where we cannot see it and this is coral. In the documentary, scientists and engineers from various disciplines were invited to give analysis and prediction of coral spreading all over the world according to ocean currents and ocean water temperature warming. Some prediction is given by text, see figure 2. In this way, the predicted results could be impressing.

Figure 2. Prediction from scientists and engineers

Coral is very sensitive to the temperature rising, which would result in a great threaten on the living of coral. The famous Great Barrier Reef will probably have more extensive coral bleaching over the next few years and then die. Currently, 29% of the Coral Great Barrier Reef has died. What is more, coral is a fundamental part of a huge ecosystem and it is, in a way, just like the trees in a forest. Therefore, with coral disappearing, all other animals are also disappearing little by little in our marine ecosystems. Many contrasts are given in this documentary leaving very deep impression to audience.

Figure 3. Contrast of living and dead coral

Figure 4. Contrast of living and dead coral

In summary, in this documentary, starting from a rare perspective of dying coral, combing with scientific research process, showing scientific and rigorous graphics, texts and data, with beautiful sights into the coral, this documentary touches the audience and the audience feels encouraged to think about what they can do about this issues of the dying coral.

The role of scientists and engineers was emphasized in the documentary, see figure 5. They provide rigorous scientific evidence to support the facts and help explain the complex ecological processes in an acceptable way by the public. The participation of these people helps publics understand this documentary better.

Figure 5. Some scientists and engineers involved

Engineers also solve some technical problems, for example, setting a camera in the sea water to help shooting of this documentary.

Figure 6. A camera in the sea water

For this kind of documentary, the target group is not only students but all of society. As one type of commercial movie, it has been shown in the cinemas. Even in some undeveloped regions, open-air cinemas of low cost could be applied to play documentaries to realize this kind of public education. Combined with commercial activities, the film could be advertised widely to the public. Therefore, documentary could reach a large variety of people. Promoting sustainable development widely is exactly desired by ESD. Everyone could contribute to the sustainability of development, if they aware of the issues and motivated to be involved.

However, in a very long term, the youth are the people who can make a difference. They are motivated by the situation that should be changed and then build up their great ideals. They are receiving more advanced education for sustainable development. In the future, they are able to do some great work that makes great differences for sustainability. This is also emphasized in this documentary by the text as following.

Figure 7&8. Young generation is emphasized

Enlightened by this documentary and one example in the following discussion, some suggestions about how scientists, engineers and industry should be involved in ESD are proposed.

As mentioned in section 2.3, the scientists and engineers are involved in making this documentary. This is one example how they can promote ESD. Moreover, in this documentary, they brought their research results to the publics by speeches or other public activities. Especially after they retire from the academic or industrial positions, they have more time and could be involved in more educational public activities. The career of Dr. Jan Goodall is a very good example. After spending 38 years on researching on chimpanzees in the wildlife, she traveled around the world, calling on people to protect wild animals and the earth's environment [9].

Scientists and engineers are the people who work at the forefront of sustainable development. They understand clearly what terrible things are happening. Precious experience and knowledge are built up on their minds. They do have ability to make publics aware of the sustainable issues and encourage them to get involved in sustainable development.

Engineers from industry represent the industry. Industry should participate in some educational public activities as well, such as making this kind of documentary mentioned before. However, if some documentaries tell the false information because of interest, scientists and engineers should stand out to against them. Industry should input sustainable ideas into their products by producing sustainable products in a sustainable way and tell customers how their products are sustainable. With their product sold to publics, by advertising their sustainable producing processes, the sustainable ideas could be prompted.

Documentary can be integrated in ESD. Not only in the classroom teaching, but it also can be widely shown in cinemas. It can make people aware of this issue and give people internal motivation to get themselves involved in this global issue of sustainable development. The young generation should be the main targets of those educational documentaries and also ESD. Because they will be equipped by advanced education to make a difference in the future. Scientists, engineers and industry can participate in different public educational activities for sustainable development. Scientists and engineers can still make huge contributions after they retire by getting involved in more educational activities for sustainable development, if they are willing and energetic enough.

Reference

1. United Nations. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018.” (2018).

2. UNESCO. “Education for Sustainable Development Goals.” (2017).

3. Uspartnership.org., U.S. Partnership. URL: //uspartnership.org/

4. Dieter Appelt., et al. “Global Development Education: A Cross-Curricular Framework in the Context of Education for Sustainable Development.” (2017).

5. Slavin, Robert E., and Nicola Davis. "Educational psychology: Theory and practice." (2006).

6. Deci, Edward L., et al. "Motivation and education: The self-determination perspective." Educational psychologist 26.3-4 (1991): 325-346.

7. Joshi, Ashvini. "Multimedia: A Technique in teaching process in the classrooms." Current world environment 7.1 (2012): 33-36.

8. Nichols, Bill. Introduction to documentary. Indiana University Press, 2017.

9. Peterson, Dale. Jane Goodall: The woman who redefined man. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014.

作为渺小的人类一直被大自然的壮美所征服. 然后会被人类毫无节制的破坏力所震撼. 供养了海洋四分之一生物的珊瑚在以肉眼可见的速度白化. 从80年代第一次白化高峰到现在全球约有35%的珊瑚已经死亡. 纪录片到后面. 看着世界各地的白化严重程度. 给人的感觉就像海洋版电影<Contagion>活生生地上演. 海水升高2度就足以杀死斑斓绚丽的珊瑚. 试想一下要有多少CO2的排放才足以让这盆覆盖了地球面积71%的水升高这2度. 如果没有这片汪洋一直以来吸收大部分来自人类排放的热量. 如今的地表温度可能高达50°. 就算你没有亲眼目睹Great Barrier Reef至少也听说过她的美. 而这片34万平方公里的世界奇迹在以肉眼可见的速度死亡. 总觉得环境恶化全球变暖什么的好像不是我们这代人的事. 而以目前的速度发展下去20年后这片绚烂就会死亡殆尽. 这种速度难道不会让你觉得不寒而栗吗?

珊瑚是由珊瑚虫组成的动物，靠体内的小植物细胞进行光合作用为机体提供能量，而当海水温度上升2摄氏度时，珊瑚会发生白化而死亡。所以珊瑚死亡的原因很简单，就是那个被说烂的词——气候变暖。大量的二氧化碳排入了大气层，二氧化碳会锁住热量，其中93％被困住的热量进入了海洋。1999年就有科学家预言了珊瑚在未来的大量消失，而根据推算，如果气温再这样稳步增长，30年后地球上的大部分珊瑚都会死亡。

一群热爱大海、热爱珊瑚的人拍摄了这部作品，通过这种方式保护自己的热爱。在我看来，纪录片是连接科学和普通民众最好的方式，珊瑚白化这一现象早就被科学家们发现，但是却被人们所忽视，纪录片将远离我们的真相铺开在我们面前，让我们意识到残酷的真相和身上的责任。气候问题要靠每个个体，如何提高个体意识，其实更需要的是政府的倡导和组织，这似乎又来到了环境与发展之间的两难问题，什么时候才能放慢发展，把环境放在首位呢？三十年内可以做到吗？答案让人担忧。

大海真的很美，色彩斑斓的珊瑚让人惊叹大自然的神奇（虽然影片中过度放大的珊瑚让我有些密集恐惧）。影片中记录了团队这一路走来的不易，新的拍摄设备的设计和调试、全球拍摄地点的选择，然后照片失焦，重新选点后又遭遇恶劣天气，最后临时换点，丢弃水下固定的设备，采用每日人工拍摄的方式。两个月的时间内，水下摄影师每天下海拍摄60个点，高温、割伤、疲惫，而更痛苦的是内心的沮丧——亲眼见证自己热爱的珊瑚逐渐死去，从光彩照人的瑰丽到长满藻类腐烂。团队就是希望通过对这一过程的记录，从前后的对比中，让观者感受到付出行动刻不容缓。影片还记录下了意外的情况，面临温度的升高，珊瑚发出了荧光，通过自身产生化学遮光剂，进而保护自己，它似乎在苦苦挣扎想要活下去。

影片中一方面展现出自然问题的岌岌可危，一方面展现出了一批人对于珊瑚的热爱和付出，两方面同样让人动容。在我们的潜意识中，珊瑚似乎是海洋中最常见而理所当然存在的一部分（影片中也介绍了珊瑚对海洋生态的重要作用），当它都面临着危机的时候，多可怕。

跟雾霾相比，珊瑚离着人们城市生活太远了，远的都不足以被引起讨论。反正也看不见嘛。

然而珊瑚也在影响着天气变化，气候变迁，氧气含量。珊瑚礁还是人类吃的海鲜的生命来源，是五亿多人的食物和收入。我们的文化，生活方式，经济都依赖于健康的珊瑚。

珊瑚礁产生的防浪堤比人类建造出来的防浪堤更能保卫我们免受海啸的侵袭。

你感受到的全球变暖，温度升高，已经是海洋吸收掉了93%的温度之后的感觉了，不然猜猜现在地表温度是多少？人类体温升高两度时间长了都是危及生命了，那珊瑚呢？

过去的30年间，这个星球已经死了50%的珊瑚。还有许多未知的，能为人类社会带来无穷福利的东西，还未被发现或许就已经消亡了。

如果放任全球持续变暖，我们将会失去这整个生态系统，如果我们现在连珊瑚都救不了，那么以后受到威胁的是森林呢？是氧气呢？或者是人类自己呢？

虽然人类是目前时代地球的霸主，但地球上的生物不止人类一种。

ps，我管不了别人，当下我能做的就是减少碳排，购物不使用塑料袋，往少算，就算我一个礼拜买东西会用3塑料袋，一年不也是省下了156个塑料袋吗？

下次潜水我不再纠结看什么种类的鱼了，我要将我所见范围的珊瑚力所能及的尽收眼底。还有一滴防晒霜能杀死一片珊瑚，再防水泡海里也会掉，真的怕晒伤就少泡一会好吗？让我们的孩子亲眼去看看珊瑚的瑰丽吧，不然可能25年后珊瑚就真的灭绝了。

这些是印度尼西亚，巴厘岛，图蓝本的珊瑚，再去的话他们可能就不是这个样子了。

最近周末用零碎时间看完了《追逐珊瑚》这部纪录片，怎么说呢，可以说是至今为止看过的最令我震撼的一部自然纪录片。看完后最大的感触便是痛惜。 刚开始看时，确实是单纯觉着珊瑚礁是一个多么美妙以及神奇的有机体的存在，直到越加往后看我才慢慢开始接触并了解到珊瑚白化这个对于我来说的“新概念”-----实际上它早已在前几年已发生，并且仍在不断扩大------使全球大部分珊瑚遭受侵袭至死亡。这部纪录片是2017年拍制的，彼时北区大堡礁67％的珊瑚礁已消失-----等同失去华盛顿到缅因州之间大部分的树木…. 我们平常总提全球变暖。第一次我意识到它有多严重，而不是只从课本上听闻时是从一部关于北极熊的记录片中看到的：由于冰面大面积的减少，北极熊妈妈和她的宝宝在一座山坡上吃浮标上的塑料物-----这是多么令人感到心痛与残酷。气候变迁带来的危害远不只是北极熊，不只是珊瑚白化。无疑是人类造成并在加速这一切。这地球上的一切都与我们息息相关，对现在资源和环境的无节制浪费与污染无疑是对我们未来家园的透支。我们不应该，也不能就任让这些成为日后老旧的教科书的内容啊。当你去深入了解气候变迁下那些亘古不变的美丽就正在我们所处的年代，就正在我们眼皮子底下加速消失，看到珊瑚产生化学遮光剂以保护自己免受高温伤害呈现出美丽同时也昭示着死亡阶段的景态时-----这一切一切的沉痛的声明，我想你不会不感到痛惜…… 官网上对于我们能做的行动指南，总结下来大概就是：支持清洁能源；减少购买动物制品；减少一次性塑料；绿色出行；适用无氧苯酮的游泳潜水防晒剂。(这一行动指南总结摘自评论区一豆油总结)也许目前我们所做暂时的无法能达到纪律片中Zack及其团队所践行的高度，但至少我们每个人都可以去努力去做一些力所能及的事情。勿以善小而不为，共勉……

佛罗里达的珊瑚已经死了一半了，很难找到麋角珊瑚。主角从事广告业十年，然后进入海洋生物学，追逐一种五彩斑斓的海龙。盖茨女士解释，珊瑚就是由数千个珊瑚虫组接在一起的生物。在萨摩亚的机场珊瑚礁，有大量白化了。既不是光害，也不是污染导致的，而是海温度上升2℃就会这样。白化以后就会变成毛茸茸的，那就开始死亡了。他找到冰川的消失的导演，说，如果记录到珊瑚的死亡过程，就能让大众警醒，但是他们需要做一个带有雨刷器的摄影机，做延时摄影。技术人员是个珊瑚迷，他说和水母一样，珊瑚几乎是永生的。1998年是第一次全球性的珊瑚白化，2010年就遭遇了第二次，现在只过了五年又一次。乔安娜博士说，早上和下午是珊瑚礁的交通时间，鱼儿晚上就待在珊瑚礁里，然后会一起游出去进食，所以那是繁忙的地方。当太阳升起，它们和鸟儿一样会有早晨合唱的声音。你仔细听，会听到呜呜的声音，会听到不同动物的呼噜声和哼哼的声音，完全不是寂静的世界，其实非常嘈杂。有非常奇怪的伙伴关系，热带海曼会跟石斑鱼一起打猎，并分享食物。鹦哥鱼专门吃珊瑚，然后拉出沙子，所以我们走过珊瑚基本上都是走过它的粪便。25%的生物都依赖珊瑚礁，有5到10亿人都仰赖珊瑚礁，当作主要食物来源。没有这些蛋白质，他们会缺乏营养，他们的文化生活方式，都仰赖于健康的珊瑚礁。很多药物来自于海洋，比如说前列腺素就来自于海扇，可以抗癌，苔藓虫素也是，来自珊瑚根茎。他们是最佳的防波堤，因为他们时刻都在自我生长和重建。

第一次回收上来的摄影机，都失焦了，画面不能用。飞机去大堡礁。很多芙蓉博士的科教片。温室气体导致地球散热性差，而93%的热量都去了海洋，否则地球温度将达到50℃，人类没办法居住。他们决定在卡佩尔岛等五六十个点，用手动每天来进行延时摄影，这是一个非常艰苦的工作。他们发现，珊瑚开始是释出遮光剂来保护自己受到高温伤害，产生出荧光。拜访珊瑚大师芙蓉，老年的他已经很淡定了。在国际会议上放出的最后的延时录像，就是全片的顶峰。2006年，大堡礁的珊瑚就死了29%。召唤全世界的潜水员进行记录，结果真是惨不忍睹。最后非要来一个恶俗的乐观主义。